由 jpichiban Sun, 02 Feb 2025 12:13:40 GMT
当黛安·韦瑟林顿考虑退休时，现实很快让她清醒过来。这位72岁的老人曾考虑过把时间花在手工艺和照顾孙辈上，甚至尝试过全职退休。但她很快意识到，由于她在抚养孩子期间离开了工作岗位，她的社会保障金比同龄人少，除了基本需求外，不足以支付旅行或不断上涨的保险费用。现在，这位佛罗里达州中部居民在当地政府担任兼职远程合同代理。虽然她有时不得不错过与完全退休的朋友们的计划，但她说，继续工作使她的预算保持稳健，头脑保持活跃。
韦瑟林顿说：”现在很难维持收支平衡。世界现在的情况是，一切都在上涨，上涨，上涨。”韦瑟林顿是越来越多65岁以后仍在工作的美国人中的一员，65岁曾是传统的退休标志。这一趋势在经历了多年由疫情引发的工人短缺和高离职率后，提振了全国劳动力市场。这也改变了那些出于个人满足或经济需要而继续以某种方式工作的人的财务前景。
根据《终身收入联盟》的一项广为人知的研究，这一趋势在2025年应该比以往任何时候都更加明显，届时预计将有比以往任何一年都多的美国人年满65岁。该研究将2020年代末的多年期称为”65岁高峰区”。根据CNBC对劳工统计局数据的分析，2015年至2024年间，65岁及以上的美国就业人数增长了33%以上。相比之下，16岁或以上的所有工人的劳动力在同一时期增长了不到9%。这一增长意味着，65岁及以上的工人在2024年占总劳动力的7%。这一比例高于十年前的大约5.7%。
非营利组织FedCap的战略主管吉姆·马拉特拉斯说：”现在，许多行业的许多雇主真的很难满足关键的劳动力需求。”利用这一年龄组”可以帮助在急需的地方建立关键能力”。虽然这一年龄段的工人数量——2024年超过1100万——近年来引起了关注，但这种超常增长的原因可以追溯到几十年前。
波士顿学院退休研究中心的副主任劳拉·昆比说，主要驱动因素是美国人口正在老龄化。但昆比说，退休制度的结构性变化也鼓励了晚年工作。私营部门从雇主资助的养老金向401(k)和其他固定缴款计划的转变，使得许多工人需要更长时间地保持就业。20世纪80年代的社会保障改革将该计划的”完全退休年龄”从65岁推迟到67岁。昆比说：”人们确实把社会保障完全退休年龄作为他们应该退休和领取福利的锚点。这一转变引发了人们工作更长时间的趋势。”
更长的寿命促使越来越多的声音呼吁将退休年龄进一步推迟，尤其是在社会保障周围存在财务不确定性的时候。例如，贝莱德董事长拉里·芬克在一封年度信中说，65岁退休的预期”起源于奥斯曼帝国时期”，这”有点疯狂”。然而，新学院退休公平实验室主任特蕾莎·吉拉杜奇说，退休年龄的人继续以某种方式工作的原因和经历大不相同。
有些人确实退休了，有些人继续工作是因为他们热爱自己的工作。但她说，大约三分之二仍在工作的人”是因为他们必须这样做”。她说，他们可能从事对身体或精神要求很高的工作，但考虑到他们的财务状况，他们几乎没有其他选择。 that their Social Security checks can’t sustain them.”I call it the tale of two retirements,” Ghilarducci said.’Vintage cars’Employers of all kinds have tried to win and retain this growing base of talent.Booking.com parent Booking Holdings offers 10 days off annually for so-called grandparent leave, which is separate from time offered to new parents and other paid days off. Grocery store chain Wegmans has a section of its part-time jobs page specifically targeted to seniors, advertising the opportunity to stay active and earn income during retirement.Retirement-age workers can be seen working in gift shops or greeting restaurant guests for Xanterra, a travel company that owns properties in and around national parks. The company has a program called Helping Hands, which allows Xanterra to staff up during the peak tourist season by offering gigs that typically last a month and a half with 30-hour workweeks.”The retirement community, or that older workforce, is really an integral part of our overall workforce planning strategy,” said Shannon Dierenbach, Xanterra’s human resources chief. “They certainly bring a level of expertise, wisdom, life skills, perspective that really enhances the overall experience.”Pedestrians walk past a “hiring now” sign posted outside Wegmans in New York City. Adam Jeffery | CNBCDespite these anecdotes, advocates say a pervasive culture of ageism has continued to hurt these Americans in the workforce. “They’re like vintage cars to us,” said FedCap’s Malatras. “They’re built to last, they’re full of value, but they’re treated often like high-mileage Pintos, and they don’t really have an opportunity to serve anymore.”Employers hoping to better advertise to this community should look at job descriptions and pictures on their jobs pages to ensure there aren’t any subtle signs they favor younger applicants, according to Heather Tinsley-Fix, senior advisor for employer engagement at AARP. She often encourages employers looking for older workers to sign AARP’s pledge, in which businesses commit to measures supporting age equality.Removing college degree requirements can also help gain the attention of this pool, she said, given that a smaller share completed higher education compared with younger generations. Working from home is a key component of flexibility that these older workers may need, Tinsley-Fix said.Part of Tinsley-Fix’s argument for employers is the impending “tsunami” of retirements expected within the next decade. If companies don’t tap into groups they previously overlooked, she warned, they’ll struggle to stay at full staffing, as not enough people enter the workforce each year to replace those who left.Her pitch isn’t all doom-and-gloom, however. Tinsley-Fix said there’s a silver lining: These workers tend to excel at soft skills and can provide mentorship to younger staffers. At Xanterra’s sites, for example, retirement-age workers interact particularly well with customers and stay calm under pressure, Dierenbach said.”People talk about all kinds of spillover dividends from having older workers on their teams,” Tinsley-Fix said. “They really benefit from having those folks.”‘The best thing that ever happened to me’Those who remain employed do so for a variety of reasons. Multiple workers from this age group told CNBC that no matter the initial rationale — whether financial needs or personal preference — that got them to stay or return to the workforce, they’ve benefited physically and mentally.”It was the best thing that ever happened to me,” said Shari Nelson, who began working for nonprofit Vantage Aging through its government-supported job placement program and was hired to stay on after completing it.The Ohio resident, who works part-time, said the paycheck allows her the financial security to be the kind of grandmother past generations in her family have been. Nelson’s role was previously full-time, but Vantage broke it up into two positions with fewer hours to better accommodate olde r workers.Nonprofits were the most popular industry for workers in this age bracket at the end of 2024, with more than 1 out of every 12 in the sector, according to data from payroll platform Gusto. Among the small businesses using Gusto, the firm found the share of workers 65 or older has surged more than 50% since January 2019.Government is another popular area, according to Gusto. That’s where Florida resident Anne Sallee, who was once a public official, found herself after she decided a full retirement wasn’t for her.Sallee, who had a long career as a paralegal and now works as an economic development coordinator, said the return to in-person office work was a “shock” after more than a decade away. However, she said the personal benefits of having deadlines and a routine, as well as a passion for the role, keep her coming back.”I don’t enjoy not having things I have to do,” Sallee said. “I never envisioned the ‘sit on the beach with your feet up and a cocktail’ kind of lifestyle.”Still, Sallee said she’s taken some liberties that she may not have early in her career or when starting a new position. For instance, the 68-year-old avoids working overtime and takes a three-week vacation annually.”If that ever becomes a problem,” she said of her yearly stretch of time off, “the vacation will take priority.”Don’t miss these insights from CNBC PROHow U.S. efforts to restrict China from Nvidia’s fastest chips may have backfiredSmall investors are buying the dip in Nvidia and tech stocks, but hedge funds are notThe ‘great rotation’ is finally showing some legs. It’s unclear if investors will followMark Cuban is in cash and wasn’t buying the dip in Monday’s market slump
原文链接：https://www.cnbc.com/2025/02/02/why-more-retirement-age-americans-keep-working.html